Tutoring

Think of immune response is antigen-antibody interaction.  When a foreign thing (bacteria or viruses) invade our body, our body treats it as antigen and attacks it.  If the battle is won, that means our body has produced an antibody specific against this antigen.  So next time when the same bacterium or virus (antigen) invades again, the antibody (Y-shaped) will neutralize and destroy it. Virus is composed by either DNA or RNA inside wrapped by a protein coat.  SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes Covid-19) has many proteins, the most important one is spike protein, which attaches to a receptor in a human cell, thus enter the cell to wreak hovac.  People infected with Covid-19 and recovered, that means they have developed many antibodies in response to each protein of the virus. Of these antibodies the most important one is the antibody against spike protein (antigen) [antigen is either virus or components of virus]  Having this antibody will protect us from g...

  no sooner . . . . than No sooner had I stepped out than it started raining. ^ same meaning as “It started raining as soon as I stepped out” (you say this way in spoken English) ^ the auxiliary verb ( had ) and the subject ( I ) are in inverted word order. ^ the second action (raining) happened right after the first action (stepped out), almost same time. ^ it is “than”, not “then” No sooner had I eaten the fish than I started feeling sick. No sooner were her preparations made than they roused a smothered sense of resistance. No sooner had Russell reached Trinity than Whitehead suggested to the Conversazion Society (also known as Apostles Society), the most prestigious of Cambridge Societies, that they keep an eye on him and Charles Sanger as potential recruit. indefinite article: a, an ^ use “a” before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound. ^ use “an” before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound. Cox will contribute 10 percent of the equity n...

(to get a big picture of how glucose is burned to produce energy, and to get a general understanding of diabetes.  You need to read the text along the diagram together) Glucose is the fuel of life. Glucose has to enter cell to be burned in the “great furnace of life” to turn food (represented by glucose here) into energy or ATP (adenosine triphosphate). There are 4 major steps turn glucose into pyruvate (called glycolysis ) turn pyruvate into acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A), so that it can enter citric acid cycle. citric acid cycle (also called Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) electron transport oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy ( ATP ): details later The whole process is called cellular respiration that includes many steps of oxidation (adding oxygen in a chemical reaction). So adding oxygen to food (glucose) to produce energy (ATP), is just like we breathe (respiration). Glycolysis is to turn glucose into pyruvate,which involves about 10 steps, each ...